How to lose friends, alienate people and care for the environment

I’m not a beachgoer; I don’t tan on purpose, I have a weird relationship with sand and honestly, the immensity of the ocean scares me. Give me mountains, rivers and forests. Oh and penguins. Boy oh boy do I love penguins, but I’m not a beachgoer. I probably like elephants more, but my penguin love started when I found out that the African Penguin will be extinct by 2025. Words like overfishing, plastic and oil made me bow my head in shame and put the tuna sandwich away. It is easy to throw a blind eye to all the protests, go green campaigns and causes. I did it. Not because I didn’t care but because I said “that’s so sad, I don’t want to see that”. It is just too easy to throw a blind eye. I visited SAMREC in Port Elizabeth, and I threw a wet eye, yes, I cried. I ugly-cried. It is sad.

Humans really do suck and we really do screw up our environment in the most selfish ways ever.

I’m not a beachgoer, I don’t swim in the ocean but I do care, and not only about the penguins.

So on World Oceans Day I put a few lines up on Facebook. This post did not only honour the ocean but it also shifted the focus towards my incredible maternal instinct and it probably warned friends and family that they should never ask me to babysit. Ever.

“Today is World Oceans Day. Don’t be an arsehole or an asshole. Pick up your shit. Be a grown-up, suck it up and pick up the shit of others. Stop saying “yes” to plastic bags. Start saying “no” to straws (you are more than capable to bring the glass to your mouth). Give your child a high-five instead of a helium balloon and respect the ocean, that thing can swallow you whole if it really wanted too…”

High-five. Maternal. Nailed it.

Not only will I give your child a high-five, but your child will learn a few new words too.

I do apologise. Well not really. Okay fine, just a little, but sometimes you need to lose friends, alienate people and care for the environment.

Sometimes you have to bow your head in shame for all the times you’ve turned a blind eye and speak up. Sometimes it is necessary to take straws out of people’s hands and ask them “do you really need this?”.

Sometimes you need to pop a shocking video of elephant abuse in Thailand over to a friend’s inbox before their departure, just in case. Sometimes you need to give the Blood Lions DVD to someone before breakfast and say, “watch this, it is really good”. Sometimes you need to stand up to older people, screw respect and tell them they can’t litter.

Sometimes you need to forbid friends to take their children to a zoo and share the harsh truth behind that lion and cheetah experience. Sometimes you need to be called ugly words over social media because you’ve expressed your concerns. Sometimes you need to take the plastic bags out of your own hands and try again.

I still make a lot of mistakes; I don’t recycle everything, my carbon footprint is nasty and I really like sushi.

We only have one chance with this world.

If your kid is born today will he be able to see the African Penguin when he is 10 years old?

High-five. Maternal. Nailed it.

Sometimes you will lose friends and alienate people as you care for the environment. But don’t be the flipside of the arsehole; tone the superiority down, leave the arrogant attitude and close the condescending eye.

Allow your care to be bigger than your judgment

Fair Trade Volunteering Criteria Launched

Fair Trade Tourism has finalised an extensive review of criteria for tourism businesses with volunteer offerings, which are effective from June 1 2016.

Since the organisation’s initial review of its standard to include additional criteria on volunteering in 2009 there has been a significant upsurge in both the supply and demand for volunteer products in Africa, many focused on so-called conservation or orphanage programmes.

This upsurge brought with it concerns from various organisations regarding malpractices, which were especially evident in programmes dealing with vulnerable children and captive wildlife.

The launch of the hard-hitting documentary “Blood Lions” earlier this year and its accompanying global campaign against predator-breeding centres and interactions exposed the fraudulent practices around volunteer experiences with captive lions and other predators.

Although not an advocacy organisation, Fair Trade Tourism took the decision to work with prominent NGOs and tourism industry stakeholders to revise and implement new criteria focussed on “voluntourism” involving vulnerable people and wildlife interaction.

These criteria are now available for viewing on our website here.

“Our new criteria were not introduced to advocate for animal welfare or take an ethical position against volunteering with vulnerable people,” says Fair Trade Tourism MD Nivashnee Naidoo. “However, as an organisation that represents global best-practice in responsible tourism, it is our role and our interest to promote ethical, authentic and transparently marketed volunteer experiences,” she adds.

“Responsible voluntourism programmes should at the very least benefit host communities and have positive social, economic and environmental impacts. Sadly, at present many voluntourism experiences are actually detrimental to the people or animals they proclaim to be helping. Young travellers should strive instead to seek far more meaningful cultural and wildlife engagements than is currently the case.”

Fair Trade Tourism’s new criteria were informed by a range of expert sources including, amongst others, Better Volunteering, Tourism Watch, UNICEF, Endangered Wildlife Trust and Wildlife Act. A number of Southern African volunteer organisations also gave their input.

“We would like to thank all who aided in the consultation process leading up to the formulation of the new criteria,” says Naidoo.

The new Fair Trade Tourism criteria do not allow for any physical interaction by tourists or volunteers with a range of captive animals, including all large and medium sized carnivores, big cats, elephants, rhinos, large apes, hippos, ostrich, crocodiles and venomous snakes.

They also do not allow for tourists or volunteers to interact with any child or vulnerable person unless this takes place under continuous, qualified adult supervision.

“Given the growing body of evidence from orphanages that interaction with casual visitors can be deeply psychologically damaging to these children, Fair Trade Tourism will not certify any volunteer experience based on full-time work inside orphanages,” adds Naidoo.

Volunteer organisations and wildlife sanctuaries who strive for best-practice in their operations are invited to apply for certification from June 1 2016.

For more information visit www.fairtrade.travel

Don’t Pet Cubs – Ban Cub Petting

Let’s put an end to cub petting and canned hunting!

A canned hunt is a trophy hunt in which an animal is kept in a confined area, such as in a fenced-in area, increasing the likelihood of the hunter obtaining a kill. According to one dictionary, a canned hunt is a “hunt for animals that have been raised on game ranches until they are mature enough to be killed for trophy collections.

The documentary Blood Lions™ has been shown worldwide and has opened the eye of those who originally were not aware this horrific industry existed.

Now is the time to stop petting cubs, cubs that are bred for the bullet and will ultimately become a trophy on a wall.

Here’s the link to the #LionsBetrayed #BanCannedHunting event page:

https://www.facebook.com/events/16995…

Please share and invite everyone you know.
Thank you!!

#LionsBetrayed #BanCubPetting #BanCannedHunting

#ShockWildlifeTruths: Captive bred lions will forever be victims of the hunting industry

ShockWildlifeTruths: Captive bred lions will forever be victims of the hunting industry

Cape Town – South African has had over two decades to stem the controversial issue of canned lion hunting but instead the industry has thrived – that is until the controversial documentary Blood Lions put the issue back into the spotlight – setting in motions a few small victories in SA.

It’s been almost 20 years since the highly controversial and shocking Cook report exposed the cruelty associated with South Africa’s canned lion hunting industry.

The report, a British current affairs television programme aired in 1998 also featured in the globally-acclaimed Blood Lions documentary, featured footage of a lioness being shot several times within a small enclosed area, right next to a fence which separated the animal from her cubs. Conservationists and the general public were up in arms.

But, despite its obvious revelations, captive lion breeding was able to thrive and develop into a billion rand industry over the past decade in South Africa, while the ethical and conservationist red alerts have been shoved to the background.

This while associations meant for lion protection have continued to run parallel with canned breeding associations.

Now, South Africa’s ethical hunting authority PHASA, the Professional Hunter’s Association of South Africa, have distanced themselves from canned hunting and breeding completely.

In November last year, at the 38th annual general PHASA meeting held in Polokwane, the majority of PHASA members voted to distance the association from captive-bred lion hunting until such time as the South African Predators’ Association (SAPA) could prove the conservation value of this practice to both PHASA and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Any PHASA member is now prohibited to take part in canned lion hunts.

The move was considered a victory on South African soil but was seen as a rather intentionally delayed response – 20 years after the initial Cook Report.

One cannot help to think that PHASA’s move was a direct result of the US’s largest airline, Delta Airlines’ move to ban of the importation of lion trophies – an announcement made in August 2015.

The US ban had the first major impact on the lion hunting and breeding industry in SA. And in January this year, the US Government as a whole banned the import of all lion trophies from Africa, unless it could be proven that the specific hunt makes a positive contribution to the overall conservation of lions in the wild.

Since the announcement, the local industry is facing total collapse as 70% of the lion hunting clientele hail from the US.

According to Pieter Potgieter from the South African Predator Association (SAPA), a group regulating the canned breeding and hunting industry in SA, the lion hunting industry’s cashflow has been affected tremendously.

Because of the ban, “the lion farmers now have no income”, Potgieter told Carte Blanche. And still, they need to feed their lion stocks on a daily basis… an expensive practice for no remuneration.

“This forces the lion farmers to make all sorts of other plans,” Potgieter says… plans which include offering cheap lion hunting packages for locals, and the euthanasia of older animals.

Despite the victory for the future of lion hunting in South Africa, the existing captive bred lions remain victims to the canned breeding industry.

They cannot be released into the wild, and no US hunters are able to pay the big bucks to have its head mounted in their surgeries in Minnesota.
Want to help? If you’d like to make a positive contribution towards the conservation and well-being of lions, you can: 

– Support Emoya Big Cat Sanctuary. This haven was opened by Savannah Heuser in 2012 and it has no breeding policy, nor is it open to the public.

– Canned hunting and exploitation of captive lions has gained unparalleled support and awareness through Blood Lions documentary – bringing to the world’s attention to the horrors of predator breeding and activities using lions and other species.

As a result, Blood Lions says tourism industry leaders have collaborated to initiate a worldwide ‘Born to Live Wild’ pledge against the predator breeding and canned hunting industry –  presenting a united front that includes the most significant tourism organisations and travel companies around the world.

Travel and Tourism operators who want to join the Born to Live Wild” pledge can click here. Public citizens can join the movement by watching Blood Lions, and pledging your support to their work.

 

Geblikte jag taboe

Geblikte leeujag en leeuplase skend Suid-Afrika se naam in die buiteland. Daarom het Derek Hanekom die Suid-Afrikaanse Toerisme-agentskap (SA Toerisme) opdrag gegee om gen advertensies te ondersteun of te plaas wat reklame aan die bedryf gee nie.

Derek Hanekom, minister van toerisme, se onom-wonde: Ons moet wegbe-weeg van ‘n myngesen-treerde ekonomie na ‘n toerisme-ekonomie. “Dit gaan ‘n tydjie neem om ons mense daarvan te oortuig dat baie meer, beter en volhoubare werk deur toerisme geskep word as deur mynbou.”

Hanekom trap versigtig as hy praat oor omstrede onderwerpe waaroor hy geen beheer het nie: 5005 geblikte leeujag wat deur die departement van landbou, bosbou en visserye gereguleer word. Dan het hy ook glad nie ooghare vir trofeejag nie. Hieroor kan hy ook nie veel se nie, omdat dit binne Edna Molewa, minister van omgewingsake, se portefeulje val. “Nee,” se hy en keer terug na die onderwerp van geblikte leeujag. “Dit lyk dan so lekker om ‘n wollerige leeuwelpie vas te hou. Wie sal dit dan nou nie wil doen nie? Maar ek se jou, dit is ‘n doodskoot vir daardie leeu.”

Hy is bewus van honderde vry-willigers wat in die verlede na Suid-Afrika gestroom het om op leeuplase te kom help, maar se-dert die dokumentere rolprent Blood Lions in teaters oor die we-reld heen vertoon is, het mense se oe “hopelik” oopgegaan, se hy.

“Trofeejag is ook nie goed vir Suid-Afrika se beeld nie.”

Toeriste wat na Suid-Afrika kom, wil lewendige wild sien. Hulle wil op safari gaan, gholf speel en aan bergfietswedrenne deelneem. Hulle is ook gaande oor Suid-Afrikaanse kos en wyn.

Hy verwys na ‘n ander soort besoeker wat deesdae hierheen kom om ‘n “mediese toer” te on-derneem. “Ons noem dit mediese toerisme. Mans en vroue kom na Suid-Afrika vir kosmetiese chi-rurgie.” En met die rand wat nou so swak is, is kosmetiese chirur-gie vir die Britte en Amerikaners baie bekostigbaar, se hy.

Oor die konflik tussen Suid-Afrika se natuurlike en kulturele erfenis en mynbou is Hanekom baie bekommerd. “Kyk wat het by iSimangaliso gebeur,” se hy.

As aktiviste en die regering nie die beoogde titaanmynbedrywig-hede summier gestop het nie, sou iSimangaliso nooit in 1999 we-relderfenisstatus gekry het nie.

Die gesprek beweeg na Mapun-gubwe, nog een van Suid-Afrika se ikoniese Werelderfenisgebiede waar die departemente van om gewingsake en minerale bronne mynbou in die buffergebied toe-gelaat het. Die Verenigde Nasies se konvensie vir onderwys, kul-tuur en wetenskap (Unesco) het gedreig om Mapungubwe van sy Werelderfenisstatus te stroop. ‘n Heelwat kleiner buffergebied is toe rondom Mapungubwe gepro-klameer. Hanekom erken hierdie aspek en die stryd om die behoud van Mapungubwe se status is nooit binne die departement van toerisme bespreek nie.

Dit het hom beslis aan die clink gesit. Hy voeg by Suid-Afrika het meer aktiviste nodig om bedrei-gings vir werelderfenisgebiede en ander natuurreservate onder sy aandag, asook onder die van sy departement, te bring.

Mynbou in opvangsgebiede, soos die van die Olifantsrivier in Mpumalanga, is ook verkeerd en skaad die Suid-Afrikaanse land-skap en die land se water.

Hy noem ook dat toerisme na Suid-Afrika aan die einde van 2014 ‘n geweldige afname gewys het weens die ebola-krisis in Wes-Afrika, weens die xenofobie-se aanvalle in Suid-Afrika en die debakel rondom visums.

 

Green Desks – a ground-breaking recycling innovation from Wildlands

“This is a super exciting step in our recycling journey,” exclaimed Wildlands’ CEO Dr Andrew Venter, at a low key launch of their Green Desk in Howick KwaZulu – Natal, yesterday. “A key local partner in this has been RWPA – Rural Waste Poverty Alleviation, who were inspired by the work we do, cleaning and greening communities nationally, and have worked tirelessly to find a ground-breaking to solution for previously ‘unrecyclable’ material.”

To increase the lifespan of products on shelves, multi – layered plastic materials and packaging has been developed. These multi – layered plastics have not been recyclable, and up until now have been incinerated or ended up on landfill. RWPA have now figured out how to recycle these multi layered plastics (without having to use one drop of water), and through a combination of grinding and extrusion, and then squeezing and densifying the material into a mould, planks are being produced and used to create school desks.

“There is a shortage of more than 300 000 school desks in South Africa,” said Venter. “Incorporating these desks into our existing models will help us close the loop by cleaning communities and supporting the education of children – the future of our country. The Green Desk project would not have been possible without support from Unilever and South 32. Unilever worked closely with us to innovate this solution and South 32 are actively assisting us with expanding into northern KZN. Futurelife, Nedbank and ZAC (Zululand Anthracite Colliery) are also contributing with the collection of waste, the production of desks and the overall improvement of schools.”

RWPA are also exploring opportunities around using these planks to build low cost housing, and share a vision with Wildlands around uplifting communities, poverty alleviation and creating a “Sustainable Future for All.”

Born to Live Wild pledge gets global tour operator support

Cape Town – Canned hunting and exploitation of captive lions has gained unparalleled support and awareness through Blood Lions documentary – bringing to the world’s attention to the horrors of predator breeding and activities using lions and other species.

As a result, Blood Lions says tourism industry leaders have collaborated to initiate a worldwide Born to Live Wild” pledge against the predator breeding and canned hunting industry –  presenting a united front that includes the most significant tourism organisations and travel companies around the world.

One such organisation to join has been the African Travel and Tourism Association.

Nigel Vere Nicoll Chief Executive for Atta says, “Atta’s members are deeply involved in African wildlife. This association supports all efforts to stop unacceptable practises involving wildlife within our industry.

“Blood Lions exposes the exploitation of captive bred lions, deceiving unsuspecting but well intentioned tourists and volunteers. It forms part of nature’s bigger picture that demonstrates that if we do not ‘keep wildlife wild’ under our watch, future generations will have been deprived of one of this planet’s greatest assets.”

Blood Lions says it is proud to be able to launch the “Born to Live Wild” pledge, which has become a central part of what the overall campaign is trying to achieve.

It announced that as a follow on from the initial pledge ‘document’, a new page has been added to the website, where an official “Born to Live Wild” logo can be downloaded and all partners, who have already committed to actively being part of the solution.

Those who have joined the pledge include National Geographic, African Bush Camps, Thompsons Africa, Singita, & Beyond, Asilia Africa and Sanctuary Retreats.

Fair Trade Tourism recently took the decision to work with prominent NGOs and tourism industry stakeholders to revise and implement new criteria focussed on “voluntourism” involving vulnerable people and wildlife interaction – finalising an extensive review of criteria for tourism businesses with volunteer offerings, which came into effect from June 1 2016.

Travel and Tourism operators who want to join the Born to Live Wild” pledge can click here and subscribe to the vital actions from the international travel and tourism industries, as set out below:

1. To not knowingly book or otherwise support any breeder or operator that contributes to the cycle of breeding, exploitation and senseless killing of predators. This includes all petting and ‘walking with lion’ facilities.

2. To continue our support and promotion of the formal conservation community in their endeavours to secure the survival of Africa’s predators in the wild. Without wild lions and the rest of the predator guild extant in functioning ecosystems, there will be no African tourism industry; a calamitous situation for many economies.

3. To continue in our own endeavours towards wildlife conservation and economic development wherever we operate across Africa.

4. To continue supporting an ethical and responsible interaction with Africa’s wilderness and wild animals.

5. To continue promoting Africa as an authentic, wild and rewarding tourism destination.

“As a conservation organisation that works with so many volunteers it is great to see a firm stance being taken by the Tourism sector to put a stop to not only the abuse and exploitation of wildlife, but of volunteers and tourists to Africa. We applaud all of those that are willing to stand up and be counted, ensuring that tourism income and volunteer efforts are directed to true conservation efforts,” said Dr Simon Morgan, Director of WildlifeACT Fund, and a key driver around this campaign.

“Lions and other predators are wild species and we wish to continue promoting Africa as an authentic, wild and rewarding tourism destination,” said Ian Michler, Consultant and Lead Character for Blood Lions.

“Since the release of our first pledge statement at the Conservation Lab, the response from the global tourism industry has been overwhelming – they want to be involved with bringing an end to predator breeding, canned hunting and the exploitation of lions and other predators in commercial activities.

“We cannot claim to be responsible operators if we continue to support unethical activities, and we cannot claim to be selling authentic wildlife experiences or supporting conservation if we are sending visitors to captive lion facilities across southern Africa.”

“The ‘Born to Live Wild’ pledge is a clear indication of the commitment to advocate responsible tourism by opposing exploitative wildlife interactions, and to endorse South Africa as an authentic wildlife destination. Fair Trade Tourism’s recent revision/implementation of their volunteer criteria to promote responsible and ethical volunteer programmes has been very well received,*” said Producer and driver behind the film, Pippa Hankinson.

Blood Lions Born to Live Wild. A PLEDGE for our Wildlife.

Blood Lions has brought the horrors of predator breeding, canned hunting and a variety of other exploitative activities using lions and other species to the world’s attention in a way that has not been achieved before. While so many others have been involved in different ways over the last decade and more, and their contributions have been and will continue to be meaningful and significant, the films powerful visual narrative as well as the global campaign have provided a compelling call to action to have these practices stopped.

With support from the wider conservation community and the global tourism industry as well as millions of concerned citizens, the Blood Lions campaign is now owned by everyone that supports an end to the breeding, canned hunting and commercial exploitation.

For those not yet committed, we ask that you consider doing so. By committing to the pledge you will also be making a clear statement that:

a) lions and other predators are wild species and we wish to continue promoting Africa as an authentic, wild and rewarding tourism destination and,
b) we wish to continue our support and promotion of the formal conservation community in their endeavours to secure the survival of Africa’s predators in the wild.

This pledge has become a central part of what we are all trying to achieve, and this page recognizes those safari and tourism operators that have committed to actively becoming involved in being part of the solution. Blood Lions and those that have already signed up ask that you join in good faith. The industry will be its own watchdog. I invite all tourism operators to join us in committing to these pledges.

 

Wildlands continue to benefit from the Ultimate Human Race

Wildlands benefitted yet again from the World’s oldest and greatest ultra-marathon, the Comrades Marathon. Wildlands has been one of the 6 official charities of the Comrades Marathon Association (referred to as Amabeadibeadi charities) for the past 4 years and have been ever so humbled by the rise in the funds donated year on year.

Wildlands, in association with Old Mutual, started their campaign at the Comrades exhibition which took place at the Durban Exhibition Center (26 – 28 May). Their activation was 3 fold consisting of a children’s area, which had a fun yet educational purpose; Comrades branded merchandise on sale and an informative Old Mutual Wild Series section which was abuzz all day.

To date, through the Comrades Amabeadibeadi Race For Charity platform, the Wildlands ‘rhino runners’ (74) have raised over R 500 000. A further R 100 000 was raised through the sale of the Comrades branded merchandise which proved to be popular once again this year.

All funds raised through the sale of the Comrades branded merchandise has been split 50/50 and allocated to Wildlands’ Trees for Life and Rhino Conservation Projects.
On race day, the Wildlands team hosted a water table in Camperdown, 30km mark en route to Durban, which was supported by Wildlands staff. The recycling team did a sterling clean-up operation over the first half of the route collecting over 5000kgs of plastic and cardboard which will be recycled at the Wildlands Midmar Recycling Depot.

“Wildlands is proud to once again contribute towards making the Ultimate Human Race green and clean. We are grateful to the Comrades Marathon Association for allowing us the opportunity to continue to benefit as an official charity and to Old Mutual for their unwavering support as our sponsor, making it possible to continue to enable a sustainable future for all,” Concluded Buyi Makhoba, Wildlands’ Strategic Marketing Manager.
If anyone is interested in running for rhino for Comrades 2017 – please contact Buyi Makhoba at BuyiM@localhost/import-data-post.

FAIR TRADE TOURISM REVISED VOLUNTEERING CRITERIA LAUNCHED WITH FOCUS ON WILDLIFE INTERACTIONS AND VULNERABLE PEOPLE

Fair Trade Tourism has finalised an extensive review of criteria for tourism businesses with volunteer offerings, which are effective from June 1 2016.

Since the organisation’s initial review of its standard to include additional criteria on volunteering in 2009 there has been a significant upsurge in both the supply and demand for volunteer products in Africa, many focused on so-called conservation or orphanage programmes.

This upsurge brought with it concerns from various organisations regarding malpractices, which were especially evident in programmes dealing with vulnerable children and captive wildlife.

The launch of the hard-hitting documentary “Blood Lions” earlier this year and its accompanying global campaign against predator-breeding centres and interactions exposed the fraudulent practices around volunteer experiences with captive lions and other predators.

Although not an advocacy organisation, Fair Trade Tourism took the decision to work with prominent NGOs and tourism industry stakeholders to revise and implement new criteria focussed on “voluntourism” involving vulnerable people and wildlife interaction.

“Our new criteria were not introduced to advocate for animal welfare or take an ethical position against volunteering with vulnerable people,” says Fair Trade Tourism MD Nivashnee Naidoo. “However, as an organisation that represents global best-practice in responsible tourism, it is our role and our interest to promote ethical, authentic and transparently marketed volunteer experiences,” she adds.

“Responsible voluntourism programmes should at the very least benefit host communities and have positive social, economic and environmental impacts. Sadly, at present many voluntourism experiences are actually detrimental to the people or animals they proclaim to be helping. Young travellers should strive instead to seek far more meaningful cultural and wildlife engagements than is currently the case.”

Fair Trade Tourism’s new criteria were informed by a range of expert sources including, amongst others, Better Volunteering, Tourism Watch, UNICEF, Endangered Wildlife Trust and Wildlife Act. A number of Southern African volunteer organisations also gave their input.

“We would like to thank all who aided in the consultation process leading up to the formulation of the new criteria,” says Naidoo.

The new Fair Trade Tourism criteria do not allow for any physical interaction by tourists or volunteers with a range of captive animals, including all large and medium sized carnivores, big cats, elephants, rhinos, large apes, hippos, ostrich, crocodiles and venomous snakes.

They also do not allow for tourists or volunteers to interact with any child or vulnerable person unless this takes place under continuous, qualified adult supervision.

“Given the growing body of evidence from orphanages that interaction with casual visitors can be deeply psychologically damaging to these children, Fair Trade Tourism will not certify any volunteer experience based on full-time work inside orphanages,” adds Naidoo.

Volunteer organisations and wildlife sanctuaries who strive for best-practice in their operations are invited to apply for certification from June 1 2016.